Is Caraway PFAS-free?

Caraway

Ceramic Baking Sheet

A

B

PFASAll

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Nonstick Ceramic Cookware Set

ceramic nonstick coating (proprietary, PFAS-free)

A

A

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic coating + third-party certification reduce PFAS risk substantially.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Food Storage Set

Glass containers with plastic lids

A

B

PFASAll

Lower concern; glass + plastic lids with stated PFAS-free position, but no third-party verification of lid material.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Home 9-Piece Mini Food Storage Set

Borosilicate glass containers with plastic lids

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; glass containers avoid PFAS coatings, but verify lid material before purchase.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Cream 6.6-Cup Non-Stick Glass Food Storage Container with Lid

borosilicate glass with non-PFAS lid

A

B

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern, glass container with stated non-PFAS lid, though third-party verification absent.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

17-Piece Food Storage Set - Navy

Glass containers with plastic lids (BPA-free plastic stated)

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern choice; glass + verified PFAS-free claim reduce risk, though plastic lids warrant scrutiny.

✓Verified PFAS-free by a third party

Caraway

15" Ceramic Nonstick Pizza Pan

ceramic nonstick coating

A

A

PFASAll

Lower concern; ceramic nonstick with credible PFAS-free claim and third-party backing.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Ceramic Nonstick Large Pizza Crisper Pan - Cream

ceramic nonstick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern ceramic nonstick option with transparent PFAS-free positioning and third-party backing.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Ceramic Saute Pan & Lid

Ceramic coating (non-toxic mineral blend)

A

A

PFASAll

Lower-concern cookware; ceramic coating avoids Teflon-type coating/PFAS, though certification provides stronger assurance than brand claim alone.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

8" Ceramic Fry Pan

Ceramic coating (Teflon-type coating-free)

A

A

PFASAll

Lower-concern choice; ceramic pan with credible PFAS-free positioning and third-party certification.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Enameled Cast Iron Skillet

Enameled cast iron (enamel coating + iron base)

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern cookware; enameled cast iron avoids Teflon-family coating nonsticks, and brand backs PFAS-free claim with third-party certification.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Home Mini Ceramic Sauce Pan

Ceramic nonstick coating (PFOA-free)

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic cookware with credible PFAS-free positioning and third-party backing.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Nonstick Ceramic Minis Duo Cookware Set

ceramic nonstick coating

A

C

PFASAll

Lower-concern choice; ceramic nonstick with PFAS-free claim and third-party verification.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Sage Ceramic Non-Stick Square Griddle Pan

Ceramic non-stick coating (proprietary, PFOA/Teflon-type coating-free)

A

A

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic coating and third-party certifications support the PFAS-free claim, though independent lab testing of this specific product line i

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Ceramic Rectangle Pan

ceramic nonstick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern nonstick option with PFAS-free claim and third-party certification; buy with reasonable confidence.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Nonstick Ceramic Muffin Pan

ceramic nonstick coating

A

A

PFASAll

Lower concern, ceramic coating and MADE SAFE certification support PFAS-free claim, though no independent lab testing published.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

West Elm Caraway Non-Stick Ceramic Muffin Tin

Ceramic non-stick coating

A

A

PFASAll

Lower concern; ceramic non-stick with credible PFAS-free claim and MADE SAFE cert.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Perracotta Ceramic Non-Stick 6-Cup Muffin Pan

Ceramic (terracotta/clay base)

A

A

PFASAll

Lower concern; ceramic base with third-party MADE SAFE certification supports claim, but verify retailer specs.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Marigold Ceramic Non-Stick 6-Cup Muffin Pan

Ceramic non-stick coating (Teflon-type coating-free)

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern choice, ceramic non-stick avoids known PFAS coatings, though coating composition details remain proprietary.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

16x13" Roasting Pan With Rack - Non-Stick Ceramic Coated Sage

Ceramic non-stick coating (Teflon-type coating-free, ceramic-based)

A

A

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern, ceramic coating with verified PFAS-free claim and third-party certification.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Home Small Rectangle Pan

Ceramic non-stick coating (Teflon-type coating and PFOA-free)

A

A

PFASAll

Lower-concern cookware choice; ceramic coating avoids traditional Teflon-family coating PFAS.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

West Elm Caraway Non-Stick Ceramic Square Pan

Ceramic non-stick coating (no Teflon-type coating/Teflon-family coating)

A

C

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic non-stick avoids Teflon-type coating/PFOA, though ceramic durability varies.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Ceramic Nonstick Fluted Cake Pan

Ceramic nonstick coating

A

A

PFASAll

Lower-concern ceramic nonstick option backed by brand transparency and third-party certification.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Nonstick Ceramic Square Baking Pan in Sage at Nordstrom

ceramic nonstick coating

A

A

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic nonstick avoids Teflon-family coating, and brand transparency supports the claim.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Non-stick Ceramic Circle Pan - White/gold

Ceramic non-stick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic non-stick with PFAS-free claim and third-party verification.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

12” Enameled Cast Iron Large Skillet

Enameled cast iron

A

A

PFASAll

Lower-concern cookware; enameled cast iron is an inherently safer base, and Caraway has publicly committed to PFAS-free formulations.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

6.6-Cup Glass Food Storage Container

borosilicate glass with silicone seals

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern food storage, glass and silicone carry minimal PFAS risk; no synthetic coatings or water-resistance treatments.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Home Ceramic Baking Sheet Duo

A

B

PFASAll

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Ceramic Nonstick Cookie Sheet

A

C

PFASAll

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Baking Sheet & Cooling Rack Non-Stick Non-Toxic

A

C

PFASAll

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Nonstick Ceramic Fry Pan

ceramic nonstick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern ceramic option; brand's PFAS-free claim credible but unverified by third party.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Home Ceramic Non-Stick Large Fry Pan

Ceramic non-stick coating

A

D

PFASAll

Lower concern; ceramic non-stick is generally PFAS-free, though no independent verification available.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Ceramic Non-Stick Fry Pan

ceramic non-stick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern; ceramic non-stick is inherently safer than Teflon-type coating, and brand's claim is consistent with known product composition.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Ceramic Sauce Pan

ceramic nonstick coating on stainless steel body

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic nonstick avoids Teflon-type coating/PFOA, though general PFAS use in coatings isn't fully ruled out.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

West Elm Caraway 1.75-Qt. Non-Stick Ceramic Sauce Pan

ceramic non-stick coating on stainless steel

A

B

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern; ceramic non-stick is a safer choice than traditional Teflon-family coating.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Home Ceramic Saucepan

Ceramic nonstick coating on aluminum core

A

F

PFASAll

Lower concern; ceramic coating avoids Teflon-type coating, but verify brand's manufacturing claims independently.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Ceramic Cookware Set

ceramic nonstick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower concern; ceramic-based brand makes credible PFAS-free claims, but no third-party lab verification available.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Cream 1.75-Qt. Ceramic Non-Stick Mini Saucepan with Gold Hardware

ceramic non-stick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern choice; ceramic non-stick is a PFAS-avoiding alternative, though third-party verification would strengthen confidence.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

West Elm Caraway Cookware Plus Non-Stick Ceramic Stir Fry Pan

Ceramic non-stick coating (proprietary blend)

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern choice; ceramic non-stick avoids Teflon-type coating/PFOA, though independent verification absent.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Cookware Plus Navy Ceramic Non-Stick 12" Stir Fry Pan

Ceramic non-stick coating over hard-anodized aluminum

A

F

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern; ceramic-coated cookware with brand's explicit PFAS-free claim, though independent verification absent.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Non-Stick Stir Fry Pan - 12 Wok-Inspired Pan - Free From Forever Chemicals - High-Sloped Walls - Stainless Steel Handles - Gray

Ceramic non-stick coating over aluminum

A

D

PFASAll

Lower-concern choice if ceramic coating durability meets your needs; explicit PFAS-free claim supports reduced forever-chemical risk.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

West Elm Caraway Non-Stick Ceramic Double Griddle

Ceramic non-stick coating on cast iron base

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic non-stick is inherently PFAS-free, though independent lab verification would strengthen confidence.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Crate & Barrel Caraway Cream Ceramic Non-Stick Double Burner Griddle

Ceramic non-stick coating

A

C

PFASAll

Lower concern for PFAS, ceramic non-stick is inherently PFAS-free, and Caraway's claim aligns with material science.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Cream Ceramic Non-Stick Double Burner Griddle

Ceramic non-stick coating (proprietary blend)

A

C

PFASAll

Lower-concern cookware, but unverified PFAS-free claim, ceramic coatings reduce but don't eliminate risk.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Double Burner Griddle - 19x12” Griddle Pan - Non-Stick Ceramic Coated - Non Toxic, PTFE & PFOA Free - Oven Safe & Compatible with All

Ceramic non-stick coating

A

F

PFASAll

Lower concern; explicit PFOA/Teflon-type coating-free claim + ceramic coating is a safer nonstick choice.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Sage Ceramic Non-Stick Square Grill Pan

Ceramic non-stick coating on aluminum body

A

F

PFASAll

Lower concern, ceramic non-stick is inherently PFAS-free, though no third-party verification exists.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Enameled Cast Iron Grill Pan

Enameled cast iron (glass enamel coating)

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; enameled cast iron itself avoids PFAS, though verify current enamel sourcing.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Navy Ceramic Non-Stick Square Grill Pan

Ceramic non-stick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic non-stick avoids known Teflon-type coating/PFOA, though broader PFAS testing on the specific coating is not publicly available.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Crate & Barrel Caraway Cream Ceramic Non-Stick Square Grill Pan

ceramic non-stick coating

A

D

PFASAll

Lower-concern ceramic non-stick option, but unverified PFAS-free claim and no third-party testing reduce confidence.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

8.5 qt Enameled Cast Iron Dutch Oven

enameled cast iron (glass enamel coating)

A

B

PFASAll

Lower concern; traditional enameled cast iron with no known PFAS risk.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Iconics Nonstick Ceramic Dutch Oven

Ceramic nonstick coating

A

C

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern; ceramic-coated cookware is a well-regarded PFAS-alternative, though independent verification is absent.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

6.5 QT Dutch Oven In Marigold | Non-Stick, Non-Toxic, PFAS-Free Ceramic Pans | Induction-Compatible For Healthy Cooking | Caraway

Ceramic non-stick coating

A

F

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic non-stick is credible, but unverified third-party testing would strengthen the claim.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

6.5 qt Enameled Cast Iron Dutch Oven

enameled cast iron (enamel coating over cast iron base)

A

C

PFASAll

Lower-concern choice; enameled cast iron avoids typical nonstick PFAS sources, though enamel itself remains analytically unconfirmed.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Dutch Oven Bundle with 8qt & 6.5qt Dutch Ovens - Gray

ceramic nonstick coating

A

C

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; brand explicitly claims Teflon-type coating/PFOA-free ceramic coating, though independent lab verification not publicly available.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

3.5-Qt. Enameled Cast Iron Braiser with Domed Lid

enameled cast iron (glass enamel coating)

A

B

PFASAll

Lower concern, enameled cast iron is a safe base material, and Caraway's stated exclusion of Teflon-type coating and PFAS is credible for this product category.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

24-Cup Ceramic Nonstick Mini Muffin Pan

Ceramic nonstick coating

A

C

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern; ceramic nonstick is a safer alternative to Teflon-type coating, though independent verification of the coating would strengthen confidence.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Nonstick Ceramic Large Baking Sheet

ceramic nonstick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower concern; ceramic nonstick is a safer nonstick choice, but verify coating durability and chipping behavior over time.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

West Elm Caraway Non-Stick Ceramic Baking Sheet

ceramic non-stick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern choice; ceramic non-stick avoids traditional Teflon-family coating, though brand claims lack third-party verification.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Crate & Barrel Caraway 16.5" Cream Ceramic Non-Stick Roasting Pan with Rack

Ceramic non-stick coating on aluminum base

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern choice: ceramic non-stick avoids Teflon-type coating/PFOA, but no third-party verification of PFAS-free claims.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

West Elm Caraway Non-Stick Ceramic Roasting Pan with Rack

Ceramic non-stick coating

A

F

PFASAll

Lower-concern non-stick option; ceramic coating avoids known Teflon-family coating, though independent lab verification is absent.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Home Ceramic Non-Stick Circle Pan, Set of 2 - Navy

Ceramic non-stick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic non-stick avoids Teflon-type coating/PFOA, though independent lab verification of the coating is absent.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Ceramic Non-Stick 11 Piece Bakeware Set

Ceramic non-stick coating

A

B

PFASAll

Lower-concern option; ceramic non-stick avoids Teflon-type coating, but brand claim not independently verified.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Cast Iron Cookware Bundle with Enameled Skillets & Grill Pan

enameled cast iron (enamel coating over cast iron base)

A

B

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern; enameled cast iron is inherently low-risk, and brand claims PFAS-free, though unverified by third party.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Glass Airtight Container Set

borosilicate glass lids and glass containers

B

D

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern, glass containers pose minimal fluorochemical risk; no lids/seals data available.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

6.5-Qt. Cream Enameled Cast Iron Dutch Oven with Lid

enameled cast iron (enamel coating over iron)

B

D

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern, traditional enameled cast iron construction with no nonstick or Teflon-family coating indicators.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Cast Iron Skillet Set

Cast iron, no added coating

B

D

PFASAll

Lower concern, cast iron is PFAS-free by design; no nonstick coating means no Teflon-family coating risk.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Home Enameled Cast Iron Mini Skillet

enameled cast iron

C

D

PFASAll

Lower PFAS concern, traditional enameled cast iron carries minimal risk, but Caraway makes no public disclosure.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Cast Iron Skillet Set - 8" & 10.5” Enameled Cast Iron Pan With 3 Layer Enamel Coating - No Seasoning Required - Compatible With All Stovetops

Enameled cast iron with 3-layer enamel coating

D

Lower PFAS concern, enameled cast iron avoids Teflon-type coating/Teflon-family coating, though enamel composition unverified by brand.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

10.5" Charcoal Enameled Cast Iron Skillet

Cast iron with charcoal enamel coating

D

Lower PFAS concern, enameled cast iron avoids nonstick coatings, though enamel composition not disclosed.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

5-Piece Knife Set

German stainless steel blades

F

Lower-concern knives; brand commits to PFAS-free, but no independent verification.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

14-Piece Knife & Utensil Set

stainless steel blades, handles (polymer/composite unspecified)

F

Lower concern for knife blades; handle material and any coating needs verification.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Fry Pan Duo

Ceramic nonstick coating on aluminum core

F

Lower concern, PFAS-free claim backed by third-party MADE SAFE certification; ceramic coating sidesteps Teflon-type coating/Teflon-family coating risk.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Double Burner Griddle

Ceramic nonstick coating

F

Lower concern: Caraway's ceramic nonstick and MADE SAFE cert suggest PFAS avoidance, though ceramic durability over time is a separate performance question.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

11" Square Flat Griddle Pan

Ceramic nonstick coating over aluminum core

F

Lower-concern cookware choice with credible PFAS-free claim and third-party backing.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Mini Bakeware Set

ceramic nonstick coating

F

Lower concern: Caraway explicitly claims PFAS-free ceramic coating and holds MADE SAFE certification; modest lab verification gap.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Roasting Pan with Rack

Ceramic nonstick coating

F

Lower-concern option; ceramic coating avoids PFAS, though long-term durability unproven versus traditional nonstick.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

9" Circle Pan Duo

Ceramic nonstick coating on aluminum core

F

Lower-concern nonstick option; ceramic coating avoids Teflon-type coating/PFAS, though nonstick durability may not match legacy brands.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Cookware Set

ceramic nonstick coating

F

F

PFASAll

Lower concern ceramic nonstick option with third-party verification.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Deluxe Cookware Set

Ceramic nonstick coating on aluminum core

F

Lower PFAS concern, but unverified ceramic claim limits confidence.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Square Grill Pan

Ceramic-coated aluminum

F

Lower PFAS concern based on Caraway's ceramic-coating claim, but no independent verification provided.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Non-Stick Circle Cake Pan - Cream

Non-stick ceramic coating (formulation unspecified)

F

Lower-concern non-stick option, but unverified PFAS claim and vague coating details warrant caution.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

14-Piece Navy Knife and Utensil Prep Set

Stainless steel blades and handles

F

Lower PFAS concern for knife set; stainless steel blades pose minimal risk.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Pan Stainless Steel

Stainless steel (non-coated)

F

Lower PFAS concern; stainless steel is inherently safer than coated nonstick cookware.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

HOME 6-Piece Stainless Steel Cookware Set

stainless steel (no nonstick coating)

F

Lower-concern option; stainless steel cookware carries minimal PFAS risk, though brand provides no explicit disclosure.

⚠Risky category by default

Caraway

Stir Fry Pan

Ceramic nonstick coating (composition not disclosed)

F

Skip until Caraway discloses nonstick coating chemistry or provides third-party PFAS testing.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Stir Fry Pan - Sage

Ceramic nonstick coating (composition unspecified)

F

Skip until Caraway discloses coating chemistry or provides independent PFAS testing.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Stir Fry Pan - Cream

Ceramic nonstick coating (unspecified composition)

F

Skip until Caraway discloses coating composition or third-party tests the pan.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

6 Cup Muffin Pan

ceramic nonstick coating (unspecified formulation)

F

Skip until Caraway discloses coating composition or provides third-party PFAS testing.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Nonstick Muffin Pan - Cream

Ceramic nonstick coating (composition unspecified)

F

Moderate concern, ceramic coating claims lack independent verification; specific chemistry undisclosed.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Baking Sheet Trio

Ceramic nonstick coating (unspecified composition)

F

Skip until Caraway discloses coating chemistry or pursues PFAS-free certification.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Home 2-Piece Baking Sheet Set

Ceramic nonstick coating (composition unspecified by brand)

F

Caraway avoids traditional Teflon-type coating but doesn't disclose coating chemistry, proceed with modest caution.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Nonstick Roasting Pan With Rack - Cream

Ceramic nonstick coating (composition unspecified)

F

Caraway's ceramic claims lack PFAS transparency; skip until they disclose coating chemistry or third-party test results.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Square Pan

ceramic nonstick coating (unspecified formulation)

F

Unknown nonstick chemistry; Caraway claims PFAS-free cookware elsewhere but doesn't disclose this pan's coating details.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Home Nonstick Square Double Burner Crepe Pan - Gray

Ceramic nonstick coating (proprietary, unspecified)

F

Lower risk than Teflon-type coating but coating composition opaque, contact brand for specifics before buying.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Non-Stick Circle Cake Pan

Ceramic non-stick coating (proprietary, unspecified chemistry)

F

Skip until Caraway discloses coating chemistry or provides third-party PFAS testing.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Cookware & Minis Set

Ceramic nonstick coating (unspecified formulation)

F

Skip until Caraway discloses coating chemistry or provides third-party PFAS testing.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

8 Piece Nonstick Cookware Set

Nonstick coating (unspecified type)

F

Skip until Caraway discloses nonstick coating chemistry or provides third-party PFAS testing.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Clean Start Bundle

Ceramic nonstick coating (unspecified polymer composition)

F

Skip until Caraway discloses coating composition or pursues third-party verification.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Family Time Bundle

Ceramic nonstick coating (unspecified chemistry)

F

Skip until Caraway discloses coating chemistry or provides third-party verification.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Can Opener

Stainless steel with unspecified handle coating

F

F

PFASAll

Manual can opener, lower PFAS risk, but no material disclosure available.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed

Caraway

Home 4-Piece Mini Utensil Set

Nonstick coated utensils, coating type unspecified

F

F

PFASAll

Skip until Caraway discloses nonstick coating chemistry.

⚠Nonstick, coating undisclosed